How to Use Dual Prepositions in German

Most German prepositions are always  followed by the same case, but dual prepositions (also called two-way or doubtful prepositions) are prepositions that can take either the accusative or dative case. What Are the Dual Prepositions in German? There are nine of these dual  prepositions: anaufhinternebeninà ¼beruntervorzwischen How to Decide Whether A Dual Preposition Is Dative or Accusative? When a dual preposition answers the question where to? (wohin?) or what about? (worà ¼ber?), it takes the accusative case. When answering the question where (wo?), it takes the dative case.   In other words, the accusative prepositions typically refer to an action or movement to another place, whereas the dative prepositions refer to something that is not changing location.   Think about the English phrases he jumps into the water versus he is swimming in the water. The first answers a where to question: Where is he jumping? Into the water. Or in German, in das Wasser  or  ins Wasser. He is changing location by moving from the land into the water. The second phrase represents a where situation. Where is ​he swimming? In the water. In German, in dem Wasser  or  im Wasser. He is swimming inside the body of water and not moving in and out of that one location.   To express the two different situations, English uses two different prepositions:  in  or  into. To express the same idea, German uses one preposition —  in  Ã¢â‚¬â€ followed by either the accusative case (motion) or the dative (location). More About Using the Accusative Case If you want to convey a direction or destination in a sentence, youll need to use the accusative. These sentences will always answer the question where  to/wohin? For example: Die Katze springt auf den Stuhl. |  The cat jumps on(to) the chair.Wohin springt die Katze? Auf den Stuhl. | Where is the cat jumping? On(to) the chair. The accusative case is also used when you can ask what about/worà ¼ber? For example: Sie diskutieren à ¼ber den Film. |  They are discussing  the film.Worà ¼ber diskutieren sie? ÃÅ"ber den Film. | What are they talking about? About the film. More About Using the Dative Case The dative case is used to indicate a stable position or situation. It answers the question where/wo?  For example: Die Katze sitzt auf dem Stuhl. (The cat sits on the chair.) The dative is also used when there is no particular direction or goal intended.  For example: Sie ist die ganze Zeit in der Stadt herumgefahren.|  (She drove around town all day.) Remember that the above rules apply only to dual prepositions. Dative-only prepositions will always remain dative, even if the sentence indicates motion or direction.  Likewise, accusative-only prepositions will always remain accusative, even if no motion is described in the sentence.   Clever Ways to Remember  German Prepositions Arrow verses Blob Some find it easier to remember the accusative-versus-dative rule by thinking of the accusative  letter  A  on its side, representing an arrow ( ) for motion in a specific direction, and the dative letter D  on its side to represent a blob at rest. Of course, how you remember the difference matters little, as long as you have a clear understanding of when a two-way preposition uses the dative or accusative.   Rhyme Time --  Use the following rhyme to help  memorize dual-prepositions): An, auf, hinter, neben, in, à ¼ber, unter, vor und zwischenstehen mit dem vierten Fall, wenn man fragen kann â€Å"wohin,†mit dem dritten steh’n sie so,daß man nur fragen kann â€Å"wo.† Translated: At, on, behind, near, in, over, under, before and between Go with the fourth case, when one asks where to The third case is different: With that, you can only ask where. Dual Prepositions and Sample Sentences The following chart lists an example of the dative and accusative cases for several dual prepositions. Preposition Definition Dative Example Accusative Example an at, by, on Der Lehrer steht an der Tafel.The teacher is standing at the blackboard. Der Student schreibt es an die Tafel. The student writes it on the board. auf on, onto Sie sitzt auf dem Stuhl.She is sitting on the chair. Er legt das Papier auf den Tisch.He is putting the paper on the table. hinter behind Das Kind steht hinter dem Baum.The child is standing behind the tree. Die Maus là ¤uft hinter die Tà ¼r.The mouse runs behind the door. neben beside, near, next to Ich stehe neben der Wand. I stand next to the wall. Ich setzte mich neben ihn. I sat down next to him. in in, into, to Die Socken sind in der Schublade.The socks are in the drawer. Der Junge geht in die Schule.The boy goes to school. à ¼ber over (above), about, across Das Bild hà ¤ngt à ¼ber dem Schreibtisch.The picture hangs over the desk. Ãâ€"ffne den Regenschirm à ¼ber meinen Kopf. Open the umbrella over my head. unter under, below Die Frau schlà ¤ft unter den Bà ¤umen.The woman is sleeping under the trees. Der Hund là ¤uft unter die Brà ¼cke.The dog runs under the bridge. zwischen between Der Katze stand zwischen mir und dem Stuhl.The cat is between me and the chair. Sie stellte die Katze zwischen mich und den Tisch.She put the cat between me and the table. Test Yourself Answer this question: Is  in der Kirche  dative or accusative? Wo  or  wohin?   If you think that  in der Kirche  is dative and the phrase answers the question  wo?  then you are correct.  In der Kirche  means in (inside) the church, while  in die Kirche  means into the church (wohin?). Now you see yet another reason why you need to know your German genders. Knowing that church is  die Kirche, which changes to  der Kirche  in the dative case, is an essential element in using any preposition, but especially the two-way ones. Now well put the  Kirche  phrases into sentences to further illustrate the point: Akkusativ:  Die Leute gehen in die Kirche.  The people are going into the church.  Dativ:  Die Leute sitzen in der Kirche.  The people are sitting in the church.

The Ethics Of Dissent Managing Guerrilla Government

Georgia Southern University Book Review : The Ethics of Dissent Managing Guerrilla Government Yamini Gollapudi 3/2/2015 In its Ethics of Dissent- Managing Guerrilla Government, Rosemary O’Leary provides a sobering description on bureaucratic sabotage in federal government through stories of dissenting public officials named as â€Å"guerrillas† or â€Å"administrative guerrillas†. Guerrillas are the one who engage in irregular warfare as a member of an independent unit and they are the one who are willing to see the change in the public organizations (pg. 4). Dissatisfaction from the actions of public institutions makes the guerrillas to work against the wishes of superiors or organizational norms either implicitly or explicitly and to make a push back against the management to do what they believe is the right thing which can be termed as â€Å"guerrilla government† (p. xi). According to O’Leary majority of the guerrilla governments occur because of the inevitable tension between bureaucracy and democracy that will never go away and they are undetectable because of uninvolving world of bureaucracy (pg. 3, 8). This tension in turn create ethical and management challenges including the harsh realities which all the public servants must learn to steer. To explain these tensions O’Leary uses three lenses: Bureaucratic politics, Organizations and Management and Ethics with the help of three in-depth case studies and 21 mini cases. These case studies involve theShow MoreRelatedWk 6 Assignment Ethics Social Justice Deutsch T 1 Essay1246 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Week 6 Assignment Deutsch, Tina M Walden University The ethical issues that were identified in the case study of Guerrilla Government in EPA’s Seattle Regional Office were cumbersome. The first of many to create unethical situations was the administrator of EPA’s Seattle regional office in 1981, John Spencer. His staff remembers his tenure for all the unethical actions he took such as using tax payer’s money to buy a membership for the EPA in the Chamber of Commerce (O’LearyRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesof national power and prestige, as well as symbols of modernity itself. They go well beyond the usual focus on the two superpowers INTRODUCTION †¢ 7 to look at â€Å"nuclear politics,† which encompasses both state initiatives and popular dissent, in former but diminished national great powers such as France and Great Britain and in emerging and aspiring high-tech states of very different sorts in Israel, India, and China. Equally impressive in terms of the global range of questions theyRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesand graduate courses. These range from introduction to marketing/marketing principles to courses in marketing management and strategic marketing. It can also be used as a text in international marketing courses. Retailing, entrepreneurship, and ethics courses could use a number of these cases and their learning insights. It can certainly be used in training programs and even appeal to nonprofessionals who are looking for a good read about well-known firms and personalities. TEACHING AIDS

Managing Organizations Organization Structure

Question: Discuss about the Managing Organizations for Organization Structure. Answer: Introduction: At the beginning of my career, I used to work in a small organization with employee strength less than twenty. I was appointed there as an operational supervisor. Therefore, I have to analyze the effectiveness of the operational process of the organization. At the time of joining, I was not that confident in managing the responsibilities appropriately. Despite that, I have tried to control my anxiety and take the responsibility as a challenge that can help me to grow up in my professional career. After joining, my manager have described my responsibility is to oversee that every employees is performing their responsibility in an appropriate way. I have provided with the information that the company has specialized person for specific responsibility of the organization. However, after few days of work, I found that the organization is having shortage of employees. As a result, every employee in the organization has to take on several responsibilities simultaneously. I found that employees are being forced to handle responsibilities in which they are not specialized. As a result, it is creating huge amount of stress for the employees, which eventually affecting the operational process of the organization. Furthermore, I found that increase amount of pressure has affected the satisfaction level of the employees largely. Therefore, the company has experienced high rate of employee turnover. I immediately address the situation to the higher management. However, the management has refused my suggestion of recruiting more people in order to provide specialized task to each employee. For the time being, I was surprised that management does not showing too much concern over the issue. However, later I realized that recruiting more people would increase the cost of the organization largely. Furthermore, management also has to develop new operational process that will increase the difficulty level for the organization. Thus, it actually creating dilemma for the organization to handle. Learning from experience: I have identified few benefits in using the Katz and Mintzbergs theories to elaborate the incident that I have faced in this situation. The above mentioned incident highlighted the large number of dilemmas that management of organizations have to face in order to implement effective operational process. The Katz and Mintzbergs theories highlighted that managers responsibilities can be elaborate in term of different roles or organized set of behavior identified with a particular position (Shafritz, Ott and Jang 2015). Interpersonal responsibility of the managers refers to the duties that involved people who are subordinates of the organization (Anwar 2015). I found that my incident also require managers to consider interpersonal responsibilities in a much more effective way (VÄ‚RZARU and VÄ‚RZARU 2013). Although, I am not sure how managers could able to manage this situation effectively but it will certainly give clear idea about the raised situation. Since, the me ntioned situation has induced managers to utilize all the employee strength to fulfill the organizational requirements (Randerson and Fayolle 2013). Therefore, it is necessary for the managers to develop effective interpersonal skill so that all the employees can feel themselves as a valuable asset of the organization. I believe that the theory describes that the managers have to be decent in order to handle the critical situation in an effective way. For instance, managers have to develop certain organizational atmosphere that will allow employees to contribute for the organizational effectiveness (Tam and Gray 2016). Thus, I believe that the theory highlighted that managers have to implement their informational responsibilities so that the employees can able to understand the situation of the organization in an effective manner. I felt that the proper flow of information could help the employees to take several responsibilities of the organizational apart from their specialization as well. Hence, proper flow of information is crucial for the successful utilization of the operational process (Horkin, Mevorach and Katz 2015). However, managers of Katz elaborate them seems to me to absence an overt moral compass (Evans 2013). Thus, it induces managers to implement strategies that are right for the b usinesses. Hence, managers decision of not recruiting additional employees to fulfill organizational responsibilities is somewhat justified by the theories. Mintzbergs integrated model of management highlighted the role of managers perspective in effecting their approach to the management (Katz-Buonincontro and Ghosh 2014). Thus, this theory also highlighted that managers perspective is very important in managing organizational incidents like those that the one above mentioned. Learning about myself: The incident highlighted the fact that I have lack of knowledge regarding the management implication in handling several complex operational processes. For instance, I am still not sure about the effectiveness of utilize non-specialize people in specialized field. However, the experience of this incident has helped me different way of running a business. Therefore, I believe the experience of this incident has helped me to enrich my knowledge regarding the management implication in the organizational workplace. The experience of this incident has helped me to deal with the future complex organizational situation in an effective way. Furthermore, the incident also helped me to understand moral perspective of the managers in a better way. This I believe will help me in future to take challenging decision for the benefit of the organization in a much more effective way. I also found that it is important to consider condition and perspectives of the employees. However, it is necessary to have certain level of balance between employees benefit and organizational profit as well. The mentioned incident also enriches my other learning. I found that effectiveness of the organizational performance requires specialize human resources. Since, it allows management of the organization to plan, organize, lead and control the operational process in an effective way. I also have able to gain knowledge about the difference between effectiveness and efficiency. This will help me to improve the organizational performances even when it is facing complex operational challenges at the workplace. Thus, I believe that the knowledge that I have gained due to experiencing this incident will eventually help me to become an effective manager in future. References: Anwar, M., 2015. Contingency Theory and Its Implications to Corporate Financial Planning and Organization Structure. Jurnal Aplikasi Manajemen, 13(3), pp.363-370. Evans, G.L., 2013. A novice researchers first walk through the maze of grounded theory. Grounded Theory Review, 12(1). Horkin, A., Mevorach, B. and Katz, Y., 2015. Organizational Performance and Executive Pay in Israel's System of Higher Education. Business and Management Studies, 1(2), pp.55-65. Katz-Buonincontro, J. and Ghosh, R., 2014. Using workplace experiences for learning about affect and creative problem solving: Piloting a four-stage model for management education. The International Journal of Management Education, 12(2), pp.127-141. Randerson, K. and Fayolle, A., 2013. Business Emergence. In Encyclopedia of Creativity, Invention, Innovation and Entrepreneurship (pp. 156-159). Springer New York. Shafritz, J.M., Ott, J.S. and Jang, Y.S., 2015. Classics of organization theory. Cengage Learning. Tam, S. and Gray, D.E., 2016. What Can We Learn from the Organizational Life Cycle Theory? A Conceptualization for the Practice of Workplace Learning. Journal of Management Research, 8(2), pp.18-30. VÄ‚RZARU, M. and VÄ‚RZARU, A., 2013. Leadership Style And Organizational Structure In The Context Of Mintzberg'S Vision.